What type of finance do I actually need?
The right answer depends on what the money is for, and matching them wrongly is expensive.
Working capital gaps → overdraft, invoice finance, or a revolving facility. Not a term loan. Buying an asset → asset finance or hire purchase, secured on the asset itself. Funding growth in stock or debtors → asset-based lending or invoice finance. An acquisition → term debt, usually combined with deferred consideration. Genuine long-term growth investment where returns are uncertain → equity, not debt.
Using a term loan to plug a recurring working-capital hole is one of the most common and most damaging mistakes in SME finance.
What do lenders want to see?
An integrated three-way forecast — profit, cash and balance sheet, linked, with clearly stated assumptions. Historic accounts that are clean, timely and consistent with the story you’re telling. Management accounts that are current. A business that cannot produce them is much harder to lend to. A credible explanation of what the money is for and how it gets repaid — from cash flow, not from hope. Security, and often personal guarantees. Understand what you are signing.
The assumptions are what they test. They are not assessing your spreadsheet; they are assessing whether you understand your own business.
Debt or equity?
Debt is cheaper and you keep ownership — but it must be serviced whether the business performs or not, and it usually comes with covenants and personal guarantees.
Equity requires no repayment and shares the risk — but it is the most expensive money you will ever raise, because you are selling a share of every future pound the business earns. Owners consistently underestimate this.
The honest test: if the business can service debt in a bad year, debt is almost always the right answer. Equity is for when the outcome is genuinely uncertain and the upside is large.
What about covenants and personal guarantees?
Covenants — conditions you must meet, typically on interest cover, leverage or net worth, tested quarterly. Breaching one can make the whole facility repayable on demand, even if you have never missed a payment. Negotiate headroom, and forecast against them.
Personal guarantees — you are personally liable if the company cannot pay. Most SME lenders want one. Understand precisely what is covered, whether it is capped, and what would release it.